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What are Self-Driving Cars?

This article tries to provide a comprehensive definition of cars technology.

A self-propelled vehicle (sometimes referred to as an autonomous vehicle or driverless vehicle) is a vehicle that uses a combination of sensors, cameras, radar, and artificial intelligence (AI or Artificial Intelligence) to travel between destinations without a human operator. he does. To be eligible as a fully autonomous vehicle, a vehicle must move to a predetermined destination on roads that are not adapted for use without human intervention.

Companies that develop and/or test self-driving cars include BMW, Audi, Ford, General Motors, Tesla, Volkswagen, and Volvo. Google’s test applied a fleet of self-driving cars – including the Toyota Perry and Audi TT – that traveled more than 140,000 miles on California streets and highways.

How do self-driving cars work?

Artificial intelligence technologies enhance automotive vehicle systems. Automotive developers use huge amounts of data from image recognition systems and machine learning and neural networks to build systems that can drive independently.

Neural networks identify patterns in data that are given to machine learning algorithms. This data includes self-driving camera images through which the neural network learns to identify traffic lights, trees, fringes, pedestrians, street signs, and other parts of any driving environment.

For example, Google’s automobile project Waymo uses a combination of sensors, LEDs (light detection and ranging – RADAR-like technologies), cameras, and all the data that these systems generate. They combine to identify everything around the car and predict what they will do next. This happens in a fraction of a second. Maturity is necessary for these systems. The more the system drives, the more data it can integrate into its deep learning algorithms, making more accurate driving choices.

There are serious concerns that the software used to work with vehicles will be hacked, and car companies are trying to address cyber security risks.

The following describes how Google Waymo vehicles work:

•  The driver (or passenger) determines a destination. Machine software calculates a route.
• A lid-mounted rotating sensor monitors the 60-meter range around the car and creates a dynamic 3D map of the car’s current environment.
• A sensor on the left rear wheel controls lateral movement to detect the vehicle’s position relative to the 3D map.
• Radar systems in the front and rear bumpers calculate the distance to obstacles.
• In-car AI software connects to all sensors and collects Google Street View inputs and in-car video cameras.
• Artificial intelligence simulates human perceptual and decision-making processes using in-depth learning and controls actions in driver control systems such as steering and braking.
• Car software consults with Google Maps for prior notice of items such as lights, traffic signs, and lights.
• An ignore function is available so that humans can take control of the vehicle.

Cars with auto features

The Google Wi-Fi project is an example of self-driving cars almost entirely self-driving. However, a human driver still needs to be present, but humans only ignore the system if necessary. It is not literally selfish, but it can drive itself in ideal conditions. Has a high level of self-government. Many of the cars available to consumers today have a lower level of independence but still have some car features. Auto features that have been available in many production vehicles since 2019 include the following:

• A hands-free steering wheel focuses the car on the steering wheel without the driver’s hand. The driver is still obliged to pay attention.
• Adaptive cruise control (ACC) automatically maintains a selectable distance between the driver and the vehicle in front until it stops.
• When the driver crosses the lane, the focus command intervenes by automatically pushing the vehicle towards the opposite lane.

Self-driving levels in self-driving cars

The US National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) offers six levels of automation starting at level 0, where humans drive, and through driver assistance technologies. It extends to fully autonomous cars. Here are five levels that follow Level 0 Automation:

•  An advanced driver assistance system (ADAS) assists the human driver in steering, braking, or accelerating, but not simultaneously. An ADAS includes rearview cameras and features such as seat vibrating alerts to alert drivers when leaving the lane.
• An ADAS can steer and brake or accelerate at the same time while the driver is fully awake behind the wheel and continues to work as a driver.
•  An automated driving system (ADS) can perform all driving tasks under certain conditions, such as parking. In this situation, the human driver must be ready to re-check and be the vehicle’s main driver.
• An ADS can complete all driving assignments and monitor the driving environment in distinguishing circumstances. The ADS is dependable enough that the human driver does not need attention in those cases.
•  The car ADS acts as a virtual driver and does all the driving in any situation. The occupants are human passengers and are never expected to drive the vehicle.

Image: Automation levels in cars. Automation ranges from zero to fully autonomous automation.

Usages

Since 2019, automakers have reached level 4. Manufacturers need to clarify a variety of technological milestones, and several important issues need to be considered before purchasing fully self-propelled vehicles and using them on public roads. Even while Level 4 vehicles are not available for public use, they are used in other ways.

Google Waymo, for example, partnered with Lyft to launch a fully automated commercial ride-sharing service called Waymo One. Riders can welcome a self-driving car to take them to their destination and give their feedback to Waymo. Cars still have a safety driver if they need to ignore ADS. The service has only been available in the Phoenix metro area since late 2019 but is looking to expand to Florida and California.

Street-sweeping self-propelled vehicles are also being produced in China’s Hunan Province. Which meets Level 4 requirements for independent navigation in an environment familiar with limited new situations.

Manufacturers’ forecasts for when Level 4 and 5 vehicles will be widely available vary. Both Ford and Volvo will soon launch a Level 4 car for the general public. Tesla CEO Ilan Musk, a pioneer in self-driving electric cars, has claimed that his company will be preparing Level 5 vehicles soon. A successful Level 5 car must respond to new driving situations better than a human.

Advantages and disadvantages of self-driving cars

The most important benefit that car enthusiasts support is safety. Statistics from the US Department of Transportation (DOT) and the NHTSA on traffic fatalities in 2017 put the death toll at 37,150. The NHTSA estimates that 94% of serious accidents are caused by human error or poor choices, such as drunk driving or distraction. Self-driving cars eliminate these risk factors from the equation. Although self-driving cars are still vulnerable to other factors, such as mechanical problems that cause accidents.

If self-driving cars can significantly reduce the number of accidents, the economic benefits will be enormous. According to the NHTSA, injuries affect economic activity, including $ 57.6 billion in workplace productivity and $ 594 billion due to loss of life and reduced quality of life due to injuries.

Self-driving cars safety and challenges

Self-driving cars must learn to recognize countless objects in the car’s path, from branches and debris to animals and humans. Other road challenges include tunnels that interfere with the Global Positioning System (GPS) construction projects that reroute or make complex decisions, such as where to stop for emergency vehicles.

Systems must make immediate decisions about when to slow down, deviate, or continue accelerating normally. This is an ongoing challenge for developers, and there have been reports of unnecessary hesitation and deviation of self-driving vehicles when detecting objects on or near roads.

This problem was evident in a fatal accident in March 2018 for a self-driving car driven by Uber. The company reported that the software identified a pedestrian-vehicle but found it false-positive and could not be diverted to avoid colliding with it. The crash caused Toyota to temporarily suspend testing of its vehicles on public roads but will continue to test elsewhere. Toyota Research Institute builds a test facility on 60 acres in Michigan to develop automotive vehicle technology further.

Accidents also raise the issue of liability, and lawmakers have not yet defined who is responsible for a car accident. There are also serious concerns about hacking software used to work with vehicles. And car companies are trying to address cyber security risks.

History of self-driving cars

The road to self-driving cars with enhanced automation features for safety and comfort began before 2000 with cruise control and anti-lock brakes. Since the beginning of the millennium, advanced safety features have been available in vehicles, including electronic stability control, blind-spot detection, and collision and lane departure warning. According to the NHTSA, between 2010 and 2016, advanced driver assistance capabilities appeared, such as rear-view video cameras, automatic emergency braking, and lane-departure assistance.

Since 2016, self-driving cars have moved towards relative self-control. With features that help drivers stay on track, along with ACC technology and their own parking capability.

Fully automatic vehicles are not yet available to the public and may not be available for many years. In the United States, NHTSA provides federal guidance on introducing ADS on public roads. And as vehicle technology advances, so does Department guidance.

Cars are not yet legal on most roads. In June 2011, Nevada became the first jurisdiction in the world to allow driverless vehicles to be tested on public roads. California, Florida, Ohio, and Washington, D.C., allowed it in later years.

The history of driverless cars goes far beyond that. Leonardo da Vinci designed the prototype around 1478. The Da Vinci machine was designed as a self-propelled robot with springs, programmable steering, and performing predetermined periods.

Source:https://rasekhoon.net/article/show/1601216/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%DB%8C%D8%A7-%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87